Tuesday, August 23, 2011

Farm Profile: Six River Farm

Gabrielle Gosselin and Nate Drummond have roots in New England and wanted to return there to start their own farm in 2007. They brought not only their youthful enthusiasm for growing healthy food to the project, but also solid field experience and practical agricultural education. Through Maine FarmLink, they found 11 acres of land available to lease at George Christopher's 1,000-acre "Incubator Farm", on the shores of Merrymeeting Bay in Bowdoinham, Maine. It is unusual land for Maine with flat, fertile fields, and few rocks.
Six River Farm proprietor Nate Drummond loads turnips destined for a local farmer's market.

Gabrielle worked at the Greenmarkets in New York City. She and Nate then went on to apprentice at Paul and Sandy Arnold's Pleasant Valley Farm in Argyle, New York. They credit that experience with giving them the confidence to start their own certified-organic vegetable farm. They paid close attention to all facets of the Arnolds' diverse market vegetable operation, including the financials and bookkeeping.

Armed with this education, the couple planned Six River Farm to be a model of efficiency and profitability from day one. Their initial goal was to make a living from 5 to 10 acres of mixed vegetables. They began with the cultivation of just 2 acres, but quickly ramped up their production to include flowers and blueberries.

Their lease on the "Incubator Farm" includes the use of pre-existing barns, coolers, and a unique equipment-sharing arrangement with the other tenant farmers.

"We can invest in equipment we know we need, but our neighbors don't have, and that way we all can share," says Nate. They have increased their farm size by leasing an additional 10 acres from other landowners in Bowdoinham and have purchased a house with 7 additional acres of fields that they will be bringing into production over the next several years.

They currently use three types of tunnels for growing, including five caterpillar tunnels and two Rolling Thunder™ moveable tunnels. The caterpillar tunnels enable them to grow early greens followed by peppers and eggplants. The Rolling Thunder™ tunnels will cover other solanaceous crops and fall greens.

Gabrielle and Nate feel fortunate to have vital farmer's markets nearby. Eighty percent of their income comes from these markets. They sell at three markets a week as well as at several restaurants and natural food stores. They are passionate about their work and about using sustainable farming practices for the health of the land and of their community, and so they personally attend these markets in order to get to know their customers better.

"We enjoy engaging with our customers," Gabrielle said. "We like to learn their names, hear their stories, and take the time to talk about things beyond the lettuce they are buying. They can expect us to be there."

Photo Slideshow of Six River Farm, Bowdoinham, Maine

Product spotlights

August Product Spotlights

From cutting to carrying to cleansing, let us help you with your harvest.

Spinach





Spinach will flourish in the cooler days of autumn and will withstand some freezing weather in the field. In a hoophouse, it can be kept growing all winter if it's protected with row cover held above it on hoops. It's also a great crop to seed in fall and overwinter under Quick Hoops™ for early spring harvest.

#3835 Python (F1) is a bunching Asian leaf spinach for fall harvest. Its smooth, dark green leaves are arrowhead shaped.

#646G Tyee (F1) (OG) is considered the standard of savoyed spinach for bolt resistance and vigorous growth. Sow Tyee in fall for overwintering.

Ginseng and Goldenseal



#900 American Ginseng is used to make a bittersweet energy tonic. Johnny's ships stratified seeds in September for fall planting. The roots are harvested in the fall of 5th or 6th year.

#899 Goldenseal (OG)is a medicinal Native American root used for its astringent, cleansing qualities. Two-year-old roots are shipped in September and are organically grown.

Harvest Tools




Make harvesting easier and safer with Johnny's harvest tools.

Harvest Knives for every application from lettuce to broccoli.

#9634 Victorinox Serrated Harvest Knife

#9177 Lettuce Field Knife

#9098 Serrated Greens Knife - 6" Blade

#9153 Original Lightweight Field Knife

#9157 Modesto Heavy-Duty Field Knife

#9671 Stainless Harvest Machete - 8" Blade

#9767 Curved Grape and Tomato Shears

#9763 Stainless Harvest Machete - 14" Blade

Tubtrugs are ultra-flexible, lightweight food-grade polyethylene tubs great for harvesting. Tubtrugs are available in three convenient sizes: 3 1/2, 7, and 11 gal., and three easy-to-spot colors: Red, Blue, and Pistachio.

Sanidate products are safe, effective sanitizers for hard surfaces, produce, and post harvest equipment.

#9109 SaniDate® Hard Surface Sanitizer - 32 Oz. RTU

#9216 SaniDate® Fruit & Vegetable Wash - 16 Oz. RTU

#9112 SaniDate® 5.0 Liquid Sanitizer (OG) - 2-1/2 Gal.


Monday, August 22, 2011

JSS Advantage Newsletter -- August 2011

August 2011 JSS Advantage Newsletter

Hoophouse

August can be a busy month. Summer crops are at their peak and fall crops need attention. It's time to look ahead to fall and winter markets. Yet, it may still be so hot you just don't want to do anything! In this issue of the JSS Advantage, we'll suggest some practical ideas and, we hope, provide some encouragement to keep you going.

Grow Some Quick Fall Crops for Winter Markets

Bright Lights Swiss ChardIn most of the United States, mid-summer is the time to schedule fall crops, including those you will harvest this fall and winter and those you will plant in fall for early spring harvest.
Looking at the calendar, you may realize there's not much time left until your first frost. But if you act fast, you can still get a good harvest of field crops in the next 30-60 days. You will need to pay extra attention to seeds and seedlings to prevent them from perishing in the heat, but once you get them established, they will thrive as the weather cools off.
Johnny's Fall Planting Calculator is a great tool to determine the dates crops need to be planted outside without season extension products. If you are going to grow in hoophouses, Quick Hoops or even under row cover, your planting dates can be later than the calculator advises. High and low tunnels constructed with our Quick Hoops™ Benders allow you to extend the growing season for cold-hardy crops with a very late season harvest or overwintering for early spring harvest. Best of all, they are on sale this month!

Recommended fall crop varieties

Basil: For authentic basil flavor in a more compact plant, try Genovese Compact, Improved (#2922). It is a preferred variety for greenhouses. Aroma 2 (#2946G) with its fusarium resistance is a good choice for the greenhouse as well. For something different, try our smallest basil, Pistou (#2742). This fine leaf or Greek basil takes just 30 days to reach maturity.

Beets: All varieties are good for fall planting, maturing in 45-55 days (longer in fall because of decreasing day length). Beet greens are delicious, though somewhat acidic, additions to a salad, so save the thinnings and use the tops after harvest.

Broccoli Raab: Sessantina Grossa (#135) is ready in just 35 days.

Broccoli: Arcadia (#139) and Marathon (#151) have good cold resistance and will sweeten up after a frost.
Cabbage: Farao (#2110G) is a delicious, early cabbage maturing in 64 days. Gonzales (#2907), a round mini cabbage, was the earliest to mature (66 days) in our close-spacing trials. For mini cabbage, space the plants 8-12" in row, 12-18" between rows. Alcosa Savoy (#2985) is cold-tolerant and matures in 72 days, making it a good choice for hoophouses.

Carrots: Napoli is the best variety for fall and winter harvest. Organic seed (#209G), organic seed with pelleting approved for organic production (#209GP), raw seed (#209), and raw seed with conventional pelleting (#209P) are all available.

Cilantro: At just 55 days to maturity, this cool-loving herb can be cut well into fall with some frost protection. Calypso (#3803) has full, bulky plants that provide a high leaf yield.

Endive, Escarole, and Radicchio: All can be grown for fall crops.

Greens: Vit (#419) mache is an ideal winter salad item, maturing in 50 days. It is a versatile, vigorous, mildew-resistant variety. Claytonia (#388) is one of the hardiest of the winter salad greens. It can tolerate moderate frost and can be grown all winter in mild regions or in cold greenhouses. Matures in 40 days.

Kale and Collards: All are cold-tolerant and will survive light frosts.

Lettuce: For baby lettuce and salad mix, most any variety will produce in fall. Five Star Greenhouse Lettuce Mix (#192), a blend of downy mildew resistant varieties, is especially good for fall when the DM pressure is greatest. For full size heads, choose cold-tolerant varieties such as Black Seeded Simpson and Winter Density.

Onions: Grow the bunching/scallion types. In severe winter areas, grow Evergreen Hardy White (#502) for winter harvest and overwintering.

Radishes: Grow a variety of colors and shapes, and succession plant every week until 45 days before hard frost.

Spinach: Tyee is the professional growers' favorite for fall crops and overwintering. Organic seed (#646G), non-organic seed (#646), and organic seed with Natural II Treatment (#646BG) are all available.

Swiss Chard: Quick to grow for baby bunches and salad mix; be ready to protect from frost for full-size bunches.

Maine Farms for the Future Program Seeks Applications for Business Plan Development

A request for a proposal announcement from the state of Maine:

The Maine Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Resources, Division of Agricultural Resource Development, is requesting farmer’s applications to Round 11 of the Maine Farms for the Future Program (FFF), Phase 1 - Business Plan Development Program.

To be eligible an applicant must own and operate a Farm Business that has been producing agricultural products commercially in the State of Maine for at least two (2) years at the time of application. The applicant must own their farmland. If having recently purchased their farmland, the applicant must have at least two years experience operating a Farm Business elsewhere in Maine.  As defined in Title 7, Chapter 36, Rules Governing the Maine Farms for the Future Program, “Farm Business means that the agricultural products grown or produced on the farm are being sold commercially and the farm has documentation of gross and net farm income, expenses, net worth and farm debt.”  Successful applicants will have from December 1, 2011 to April 30, 2013 (17 months) to complete Phase 1. 

Paper and electronic copies of the Request for Proposals (RFP) packet and APPLICATION are available from:
Kimbalie Lawrence, DAFRR- ARD
28 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0041
Telephone: (207) 287-3491
Email:  kimbalie.lawrence@maine.gov

Enclose six (6) copies of the signed APPLICATION and one (1) copy each of  the 2009 and 2010 IRS Schedule F Tax forms, into one (1) large sealed envelope, clearly marked with your return address and labeled: "Proposal: Round 11 - Maine Farms for the Future Business Plan Development Program" should be mailed or hand-delivered to the Division of Purchases, Burton M. Cross Building, 4th Floor, 111 Sewall Street, 9 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333-0009, no later than 2:00 p.m. local time on Wednesday, October 5th, 2011, at which time and place the packets will be opened and the name of the applicant will be publicly noted and read aloud.

Stephanie R. Gilbert
Farm Viability & Farmland Protection Specialist
Maine Department of Agriculture, Food & Rural Resources
28 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0028
Phone:  207.287.7520  
Mobile:  207.557.2036
Fax:     207.287.5576
Email: stephanie.gilbert@maine.gov

Wednesday, August 3, 2011

Video: Morning Crop Walk, Beet Trials

Every other week or so, Johnny's employee owners are invited to our Research Farm in Albion, Maine for a morning "crop walk". These informational sessions are conducted by our product technicians team. This week we looked at the beets product line, among other crops.

Watch video below for some of the highlights.



Speaking of beets, it's not too late to think about a fall crop of this versatile, fast growing, and highly nutritious vegetable. Cool fall weather helps bring out the best taste and flesh color in many beets. We carry 15 varieties, including seven organics. Shop for beets.

Beets included in the video:  Red Ace, Touchstone Gold, Cylindra, Merlin, Early Wonder Tall Top, and the beautiful heirloom, Chioggia Guardsmark.

National Watermelon Day: Celebrate with a Cool Slice

Today is National Watermelon Day.

At Johnny's, we carry more than a dozen varieties. View our selection here.

Read story about Watermelon Day in the Bangor Daily News.

Monday, July 25, 2011

Photos: July Farm Activities

July is a busy time at Johnny's Research Farm. Crops need a lot of attention this time of the year when temperatures rise. Workers need to stay ahead of pests, keep fast-growing tomatoes trellised, and, of course, deal with weeds.

Tuesday, July 19, 2011

Video: How to Get Rid of Japanese Beetles

A great video from our friends at the University of Maine Cooperative Extension on dealing with Japanese Beetles:

Jumbo Lives Up To Its Name for Pittsburgh Grower

Jumbo #11G Organic Italian Flat Pod Green Bean
Joe Lamonica, of Pittsburgh, PA, sent us this photo of his harvest of Jumbo green beans. This variety, a Johnny's exclusive, is an Italian flat-pod style, organic bush bean. A cross between Kentucky Wonder and Romano, Jumbo can grow pods up to 10" long with a rich bean flavor.

"My dad used to grow these when we were kids," Joe said. "The seeds I purchased from Johnny's  came up within a few days at 100% germination! They are producing  loads of big, beautiful Roman  beans!  The beans in the photo  are just about actual  size. Mama Mia!"

In a follow-up note, Joe said he recently harvested some 8" beans.

Joe comes from a long line of gardening enthusiasts.

"My grandfather and great uncle from Sicily built the first greenhouses in Fayette County, Pennsylvania," he said.

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

July Product Spotlight: Flowers and Herbs

Flowers




There is still time to plant more flowers to add vibrant color to your fall market offerings.
#1795G Antares Flashback calendula adds brilliant colors in shades of orange, peach, apricot, yellow, and cream with red and maroon undersides. Organically grown.
#1815 Sunny Smile (F1) is a "miniature" pollenless sunflower with golden orange petals surround a black disc. Sunny Smile is good for containers.
#1897 Little Becka (F1) is an unusual new brown dwarf sunflower. Little Becka is an early flowering full plant with large quantities of flowers.

Herbs

Extend your season into the fall with these essential herbs.
#2576 Caribe cilantro/coriander is new and our recommended substitute for Calypso. Caribe has good bulk and is great for salsa and other tomato dishes.
#529 Forest Green is our favorite, curled parsley. Its long upright stems allow for easy bunching. Forest Green has good flavor and appearance and is high yielding.

Video: Morning Crop Walk at Johnny's Research Farm

Today, we look at our tomato trials and how we trellis the plants with twine.



Also featured in this episode, the collinear hoe and pest and disease scouting.

Monday, July 11, 2011

July Product Spotlight: Chicory, Cucumbers

Chicory




Add variety and uniqueness to your farmer's market offerings with chicory. Here are three great choices.
#2811G Eros is an early escarole with dense heads of mildly bitter leaves good for salads or sauteing. Eros is an organically grown seed.

#2614 Natacha is our prettiest and best performing escarole. It has large heads with abundant, tender leaves. Natacha has remarkable tolerance to bolting. It is an easy-to-grow choice and a Johnny's exclusive.

#2555G Leonardo (F1) is a new radicchio with dense 4-5" heads. Its color and flavor are enhanced in cooler fall temperatures. Leonardo has high bolt tolerance. Organically grown.

Cucumbers

Corinto
It's not too late to plant another round of cucumbers, especially in your hoophouse or greenhouse. Here is a new variety exclusive to Johnny's.
#2562G Corinto (F1) is an easy-to-grow variety with good disease resistance and excellent flavor. It produces uniform 7-8" very dark green slicing cucumbers despite cool weather or heat. Gynoecious and parthenocarpic for greenhouse production. Organically grown.

Sunday, July 10, 2011

July Product Spotlight: Carrots

Carrots






#2824G Nectar(F1) is a flavorful carrot with a straight and uniform 8" average root length. It is more resistant to alternaria and cercospora than Negovia. Organically grown.

#2735 Hercules (F1) is an easy-to-grow carrot adaptable to difficult conditions like heavy or rocky soils. The cone shaped roots of Hercules average 6 1/2-7" long. Its strong tops hold up well in the field.

#3820 YellowPak (F1) is a flavorful, all yellow imperator-type carrot. It is very uniform and high yielding with average 7 1/2-8" long roots.

Wednesday, July 6, 2011

JSS Advantage -- July 2011

Schedule Your Fall Crops Now for Longer Harvests

Commercial growers know that vegetable-growing success lies in growing and harvesting throughout three and even four seasons. In this issue of the JSS Advantage, we'll suggest proven techniques and appropriate tools to help you extend your season and increase your profits this fall and winter.

Mid-Summer is the Time for Fall Planting in the North with Cool-Weather Crops

carrotsIn most of the United States, mid-summer is the time to schedule fall crops, including those you will harvest this fall and winter and those you will plant in fall for early spring harvest.
The best crops for fall are those that are not only cold-tolerant, but also taste better when they mature in cooler weather. Those include: beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery/celeriac, collards, chicories, fennel, greens, kale, kohlrabi, leeks, lettuce, onions, parsnips, peas, radish, rutabaga, spinach, Swiss chard, and turnips.
Johnny's Fall Planting Calculator gives you a quick way to determine when to plant. Download the calculator, and change the fall frost date at the top of the second column to your own fall frost date. The calculator instantly shows when you should plant each crop outside. (Note that some varieties should be direct sown on that date, while others should be transplanted outside on that date, which requires you to start them 2-3 weeks earlier inside.)

The Fall Planting Calculator assumes that you are going to be planting outside with no frost protection, so most of the planting dates are going to be in mid-summer. However, if you plan to use frost protection such as row cover over your crops in the field, you can push back the planting date a week or two. If you will be planting in a hoophouse or low tunnel, you can plant 4-5 weeks after the recommended date. For the longest possible harvest, plant some fall crops outside and some in protected structures including hoophouses and low tunnels.

Fall Planting in the South: Take Advantage of Mild Climates

For those who grow vegetables in mild winter climates, July through September is the best time to plant warm-weather vegetables including beans, cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, summer squash, and tomatoes. Herbs such as basil, cilantro, and dill are also good choices for fall production. Pumpkins and watermelons can be planted beginning in August in north Florida and into September further south. Johnny's has a full selection of varieties suitable for fall production in the South. To ensure availability, order early.

Extend Your Growing Season with Protected Cultivation Methods

July is a good time to start planning for season extension, whether that means buying a new hoophouse or replacing worn-out row cover and frost fabric. Here are some ideas that can help you make fall and winter as profitable and productive as summer.
Quick Hoops™ BenderIf you can provide shade and moisture, you can get many cool-weather crops started in the heat of summer. Beets, carrots, chard, lettuce, onions, radishes, and turnips will actually germinate at soil temperatures of 85-95F (30º-35ºC), though they prefer it about 10º cooler. Escarole, endive, kale and kohlrabi won't germinate above 80ºF (27ºC), and spinach won't germinate above 75ºF (24ºC). To lower soil temperature, consider erecting hoops covered with shade cloth. Johnny's sells a knitted shade cloth that provides good ventilation when held above crops on Quick Hoops™. Sizes are available to perfectly fit Quick Hoops™ low tunnels or high tunnels. Soil should be watered thoroughly after putting on the shade cloth and before planting to give the soil a few days to cool off. Fall crops need ample moisture to get them started in summer; use drip irrigation and turn it on every day to keep the top few inches of soil moist.
Be prepared for unexpected frosts as the weather cools. Johnny's row covers are available in a number of weights and sizes to provide exactly the protection you need on fall crops. A wide piece of heavy row cover can be pulled over multiple beds quickly when a heavy frost threatens. Row covers also can be used on hoops to create a protected microclimate all fall. The Quick Hoops™ bender makes perfect hoops from locally available electrical conduit, and Snap Clamps make it easy to attach row cover or poly for tight, stable low tunnels. Hoop Loops are pre-formed wire hoops with loops that allow you to secure twine down the length of the bed. When covered with row cover, the hoops and twine create a mini-greenhouse that prevents the covering from abrading plants.
In September, plant in the hoophouse. You have plenty of time to get one or more crops of beets, broccoli, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, endive and escarole, greens, kale and collards, kohlrabi, lettuce, radishes, spinach, and turnips. Plant growth will slow as the days get shorter, but the cooler weather of fall will keep crops healthy. Plant enough that you can harvest for many weeks.
Carrots can be planted for harvest all winter, in a hoophouse or low tunnel. Carrots will grow to maturity in fall but can be left in the ground to harvest as needed and they will get sweeter and more flavorful from in-ground storage. Spinach will continue to grow most of the winter, so young leaves can be picked repeatedly.
Plant a crop of overwintering spinach in low tunnels covered with row cover in fall and poly in winter. Seed spinach before the first frost and the plants will reach 3-4 inches in diameter before winter cold stops their growth. They will resume growth in late winter and be a month earlier than spring-sown spinach.

Invest in a High-quality Tool to Make Your Job Easier

toolsIf you are considering reinvesting in your farm this fall, Johnny's tools are a good place to put your money. They are made of the highest quality materials to be durable under constant commercial use. Field-tested and used on Johnny's research farm, they have been designed and redesigned to be the most comfortable, adaptable hand tools available anywhere. Eliot Coleman, the market farming expert, designed several tools sold exclusively by Johnny's, including the long-handled Wire Weeder for precision weeding in tight spaces with the least possible soil disturbance. Coleman also designed our Collinear Hoes, which have a thin, sharp blade that runs parallel to the soil surface, thus allowing the user to stand up straight, reducing back strain while weeding.



Most of Johnny's hand tools are manufactured in Switzerland and assembled in the U.S. with oiled ash handles made in New England. These tools are backed by Johnny's 100% satisfaction, guarantee. In many cases, replacement parts and sharpeners are available for them.

Saturday, July 2, 2011

Pests and diseases: Colorado Potato Beetle

Colorado Potato Beetle (adult stage)
Colorado Potato Beetle (larvae)

Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

We've been battling Colorado Potato Beetles for much of the previous month. If you are not trying to keep them off your potatoes, you’re trying to keep them off of your eggplants and vice versa. Amazing how a relatively small insect can strip a seedling of its foliage in a matter of a day or two. By the time a “herd” of potato beetle larvae make themselves across a seedling, you're most often left with stems and ragged little shreds of foliage, all of which will be delightfully coated in the excrement from the Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae.

Life Cycle

Adult Colorado Potato beetles, about 3/8” long, emerge from overwintering near previously infected crop plantings. The adults have alternating yellow and black stripes that run along its back. The larvae stage, are orange-red with a dark head and some spotting. After feeding for several weeks, females lay masses of yellow-orange eggs on undersides of leaves. Females are known to lay close to a 1,000 eggs in their short life span of several months. Eggs hatch in four to nine days and the larvae can feed for two to three weeks, they then pupate in soil. The adults will then emerge in five to ten days, most areas will see two generations. There can be three in southern states.

Plants Affected

Potato, eggplant, nicotiana, petunia and certain nightshade weeds are preferred foods of the Colorado potato beetle adult and larvae.

Symptoms/Damage
Adult Colorado potato beetle and larvae chew on the foliage of host plants. Damage typical of the adults is notching wounds along the leaf margins. The larvae however can cause the most damage to seedlings, leaving much more ragged injuries, resulting in devastating foliage loss. Foliage may also be soiled with excrement. When large outbreaks occur entire plantings may be stripped of foliage.

Controls
There are many controls available to home gardeners and commercial growers to help combat this nuisance pest. Small scale home gardeners can venture out to the garden early in the morning and shake adults onto a drop cloth, then dropping collected beetles in a bucket of soapy water. Hand picking of both the adults and larvae is another option for home gardeners. Scouting on the underside of foliage for Colorado potato beetle eggs and destroying them by squishing them is another option. Mulching plants with at least four inches of straw (to discourage larvae from pupating in the soil) and floating row covers until harvest or mid season can be very effective methods of control.
On a larger scale, releases of five spined soldier bugs can be an effective, non-spray approach, as well as releasing parasitic nematodes in the soil to attack larvae.
When cultural and biological controls have not solved the problem, organic controls such as Entrust (Spinosad) applied via backpack sprayer or tank sprayer to foliage of potato plants or the foliage of other damaged crops. This should be applied as soon as you see Colorado potato beetle adults or larvae. Correct timing of applications and appropriate application rate is particularly important to maintain when using Entrust, so as not to develop resistance to Spinosad. Waiting until the infestation is severe will result in heavy loses, repeat spray as necessary to maintain control.
At last resort introducing Pyganic into your spray program for these crops can be effective in maintain population control of the Colorado Potato Beetle. When applying any pesticide be sure to read labels thoroughly and follow mixing and spray instructions specific to infestation. Always wear personal protective equipment as stated in label instructions.

Resources
“The Organic Gardener’s Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control” Edited by Fern Marshall Bradley, Barbara W. Ellis, and Deborah L. Martin
“The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs Garden Insects of North America” by Whitney Cranshaw
“Vegetable Notes” published by U Mass Extension, written by R Hazzard

Article by Sonya Reynolds, Greenhouse Coordinator, Johnny’s Selected Seeds

Friday, July 1, 2011

Johnny's events calendar - July 2011

What's New at the Farm? Dealing With Pests

The end of June and the end of planting is well within grasp. The bulk of the planting and transplanting is done; the last big direct seeded crop, fall carrots, were planted yesterday.  Cultivation is taking center stage now as we have a limited amount of time to kill the weeds before they become too big to handle mechanically. Weeds are funny this year as many seem to be way ahead of schedule. I saw Galinsoga the other day in full bloom; we usually don’t see that blooming until mid July anyways.

And speaking of pests, I saw Mexican bean Beetles skeletonizing the bean leaves this week; that’s way early for them. It pays to actively scout a couple of days a week to keep abreast of looming pest issues. Colorado Potato beetles are out in force. Spinosad is a good control for them. They can quickly devour potato crops in what seems like no time at all; the eggs hatch quicker as the temperatures heat up. Below 65˚F eggs should hatch in about two weeks, but once the temps warm up to say 80˚F, eggs can hatch in as little as four days.  So, if you see adults or eggs, the instars will be out and feeding before you know it.

There are a few controls for Colorado Potato beetles; the best are row covers and Spinosad (Entrust and/or Monterey Garden Insect Spray). I think the nicest potatoes we ever had here were grown under AG-15 lightweight row covers.

Of course there are a few drawbacks using row covers, namely weed control underneath them. We use lots of them here and every once in awhile something gets past us. Weeds running rampant under the covers is easy to miss as you can’t easily see what’s happening under the covers so once you pull the covers off you might see only weeds and not any crop. With proper management and frequent crop scouting, this happens infrequently throughout the season.


Mexican Bean Beetles can severely injure if not kill a bean crop. The adults look like a bleached out Lady Beetle; sort of a pale orange with spots; in fact they are members of the Lady beetle family. Here’s a couple of photos:
Adults
Larvae
Both stages are destructive.
 
Any contact pesticide like Pyganic will work on both stages of these critters. Bean beetles overwinter in bean vines and leaf matter so cleaning these up at the end of the season will help stave them off in the following year. 

Cabbage loopers are out and Dipel products will control them as well as other caterpillars. Loopers as opposed to cabbage worms look more like inch worms than regular caterpillars. As with all  insect pests there are sprays which will take care of the problem, or there are cultural controls which eliminate spraying and perhaps killing non target species and good insects. Cultural controls include row covers, crop rotations and hand picking; everyone’s favorite job.

We use row covers for crop protection and insect exclusion for many crops including cucurbits, brassicas and eggplant. Exclusion of insects offers the ultimate control and will result in the cleanest crops available. Once installed they cut down on the scouting intervals of the covered crops as no insects can get into the crop.

Crop rotations will help control populations by denying food for the insects. For example, say a field has squash on it for three or four years in a row, then the populations of squash bugs and cucumber beetles will get built up. Take those squash away for a year and that insect population will move or starve as they have nothing to eat. Rotation also breaks disease cycles as well as insect population increases. Some insects are bound to survive, and others will migrate into fields that have a crop to eat, but not all will survive. And with rotation, insects can’t build up a resistance to it like they can with pesticides.

And finally there’s hand picking – probably not everyone’s idea of a fun morning but not the worst job on the farm I can think of either. We use hand picking for control of adult Colorado Potato beetles when we trellis and prune our tomatoes. The beetles are often found this time of year mating, and can be dropped into a can of slightly soapy water or can simply be crushed. Crushing is usually done by one of two methods – placed between two rocks or between the thumb and index finger; your choice. One is faster but your fingers get all yellow.

Until next week, Brian